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Spotted tilapia
The Spotted tilapia (''Pelmatolapia mariae''〔Dunz, A.R. & Schliewen, U.K. (2013): Molecular phylogeny and revised classification of the haplotilapiine cichlid fishes formerly referred to as ''“Tilapia”''. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Available online 29 March 2013 doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.015''〕) is a West African fresh and brackish water fish of the cichlid family.〔 It is also commonly known as the spotted mangrove cichlid or black mangrove cichlid. Spotted mangrove cichlids have a short rounded snout and three anal spines.〔 They are dark olive green to light yellowish in colour and have eight or nine dark bars on their sides which are more evident in young spotted mangrove cichlids than adults.〔 They also have two to six dark spots between the bars on the middle of their side〔 and they generally reach a maximum length of 300mm.〔 Spotted mangrove cichlids have a rapid growth rate and maturation time.〔 They also have high fecundity, simple food requirements and extensive tolerance of environmental variables such as water temperature, salinity, and pollution.〔 These characteristics allow spotted mangrove cichlids to rapidly populate many areas that have an appropriate habitat. Typically spotted mangrove cichlids tend to be an aggressive and territorial species〔 and research has found that internal reproductive androgenic factors can overrule the effect of size on dominance encounters in this species.〔
==Habitat==
Spotted mangrove cichlids are native to Africa from the Côte d'Ivoire to Ghana, and Benin to Cameroon. They have also established large feral populations outside of their native ranges, such as in Florida and Australia. Spotted mangrove cichlids live in a variety of habitats. They have been found in both still and flowing waters, in shallow and deep water, in places where there is both little or no coverage and in rocky and debris-strewn areas.〔
Spotted mangrove cichlids are quite common and are found in rivers near the coasts of Africa, near the Côte d'Ivoire.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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